<\body> Permutation tests are very similar to bootstraps. They test if two distributions are the same: <\input| >> x=rnorm(10) <\input| >> y=rnorm(20)+1 <\input| >> mean(x)-mean(y) <\output> [1] -0.7245577 <\input| >> \; > In a permutation test, we permute the data, and ask how often it has such a difference between the samples: <\input| >> perm=t( sapply( 1:1000, function(i) sample( c(x,y) ) ) ) <\input| >> perm.diff = apply(perm, 1, function(xy){ mean(xy[1:10])-mean(xy[11:30]) } ) <\input| >> sum( abs(perm.diff) \ abs((mean(x)-mean(y))) ) <\output> [1] 36 <\input| >> 36/1000 <\output> [1] 0.036 <\input| >> \; > So this permutation test sees the data as significantly different <\input| >> t.test(x,y)$p.value <\output> [1] 0.07868077 <\input| >> \; > The permutation test tests the hypothesis that the two distributions are the same. With a bootstrap test, we could do a very similar test, except that we sample . \; First, let us look a bit more into saving and loading: We saw how to read a table - with read.table <\input| >> a=read.table("data/regression.txt",sep=",",head=T) <\input| >> \; > A very similar command allows us to save data to a table: <\input| >> write.table(a,file="test.txt",sep=",") <\input| >> \; > We also saw before that R can save the session when you quit, so that all the variables are retained. We can save variables useing the save command: <\input| >> a=1:100 <\input| >> save(a,file="a.Rdata") <\input| >> rm(a) <\input| >> a <\output> Error: Object "a" not found <\input| >> load("a.Rdata") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ [1] \ \ 1 \ \ 2 \ \ 3 \ \ 4 \ \ 5 \ \ 6 \ \ 7 \ \ 8 \ \ 9 \ 10 \ 11 \ 12 \ 13 \ 14 \ 15 \ 16 \ 17 \ 18 \ [19] \ 19 \ 20 \ 21 \ 22 \ 23 \ 24 \ 25 \ 26 \ 27 \ 28 \ 29 \ 30 \ 31 \ 32 \ 33 \ 34 \ 35 \ 36 \ [37] \ 37 \ 38 \ 39 \ 40 \ 41 \ 42 \ 43 \ 44 \ 45 \ 46 \ 47 \ 48 \ 49 \ 50 \ 51 \ 52 \ 53 \ 54 \ [55] \ 55 \ 56 \ 57 \ 58 \ 59 \ 60 \ 61 \ 62 \ 63 \ 64 \ 65 \ 66 \ 67 \ 68 \ 69 \ 70 \ 71 \ 72 \ [73] \ 73 \ 74 \ 75 \ 76 \ 77 \ 78 \ 79 \ 80 \ 81 \ 82 \ 83 \ 84 \ 85 \ 86 \ 87 \ 88 \ 89 \ 90 \ [91] \ 91 \ 92 \ 93 \ 94 \ 95 \ 96 \ 97 \ 98 \ 99 100 <\input| >> \; > When we save a variable, and then load it, it is loaded with its own name. We can also save several variables at once: <\input| >> b=1:3 <\input| >> save(a,b,file="ab.Rdata") <\input| >> \; > or <\input| >> save(list=c("a","b"),file="ab.Rdata") <\input| >> \; > To save everything, we can combine save and ls: <\input| >> save(list=ls(),file="whole_session.Rdata") <\input| >> \; > This consists of 3 steps: <\input| >> library(ROracle) <\input| >> ora=dbDriver("Oracle") <\input| >> con=dbConnect(ora,user="lachmann",password="alexandria",dbname="TEST_DB") > Now we are connected to the database. All our commands will use . Let us start with simple things: <\input| >> data(ToothGrowth) <\input| >> ls() <\output> [1] "a" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "con" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "last.warning" "ora" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "res" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [6] "ToothGrowth" \ "USArrests" \ \ <\input| >> \; > the data() statement (which has nothing to do with databases or Oracle) loads sample data that is provided by some libraries. This is convenient for examples. We can save a table to the database: <\input| >> dbWriteTable(con,"hamster",ToothGrowth) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> a=dbReadTable(con,"hamster") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 1 \ \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 \ 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 4 \ \ 5.8 \ \ VC \ 0.5 5 \ \ 6.4 \ \ VC \ 0.5 6 \ 10.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 7 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 8 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 9 \ \ 5.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 10 \ 7.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 11 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 12 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 13 15.2 \ \ VC \ 1.0 14 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 15 22.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 16 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 17 13.6 \ \ VC \ 1.0 18 14.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 19 18.8 \ \ VC \ 1.0 20 15.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 21 23.6 \ \ VC \ 2.0 22 18.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 23 33.9 \ \ VC \ 2.0 24 25.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 25 26.4 \ \ VC \ 2.0 26 32.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 27 26.7 \ \ VC \ 2.0 28 21.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 29 23.3 \ \ VC \ 2.0 30 29.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 31 15.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 32 21.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 33 17.6 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 34 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 35 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 36 10.0 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 37 \ 8.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 38 \ 9.4 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 39 16.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 40 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 41 19.7 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 42 23.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 43 23.6 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 44 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 45 20.0 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 46 25.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 47 25.8 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 48 21.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 49 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 50 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 51 25.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 52 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 53 22.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 54 24.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 55 24.8 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 56 30.9 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 57 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 58 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 59 29.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 60 23.0 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 <\input| >> \; > So, we can load and save. We can also look at what tables are available: <\input| >> dbListTables(con) <\output> \ [1] "DUAL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ "TABLE_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ \ [4] "STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP" "OL$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "OL$HINTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [7] "OL$NODES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "MAP_OBJECT" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "AUDIT_ACTIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [10] "PSTUBTBL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_SECOBJ$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_WARNINGS$" \ \ \ \ \ \ [13] "DEF$_TEMP$LOB" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "R_TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "COUNTRIES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [16] "DEPARTMENTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "EMPLOYEES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "JOBS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [19] "JOB_HISTORY" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "LOCATIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "REGIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [22] "TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A2_C3B" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A_C1A" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [25] "ARRESTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "HAMSTER" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <\input| >> \; > And, we can remove tables: <\input| >> dbRemoveTable(con,"hamster") <\output> Error in oraFetch(rs, n = -1) : RS-DBI driver: (ORA-24374: define not done before fetch or execute and fetch ) Error in oraCloseConnection(conn, ...) : pending result sets in the Oracle server -- must close manually [1] FALSE <\input| >> dbListTables(con) <\output> \ [1] "DUAL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ "TABLE_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ \ [4] "STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP" "OL$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "OL$HINTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [7] "OL$NODES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "MAP_OBJECT" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "AUDIT_ACTIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [10] "PSTUBTBL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_SECOBJ$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_WARNINGS$" \ \ \ \ \ \ [13] "DEF$_TEMP$LOB" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "R_TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "COUNTRIES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [16] "DEPARTMENTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "EMPLOYEES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "JOBS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [19] "JOB_HISTORY" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "LOCATIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "REGIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [22] "TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A2_C3B" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A_C1A" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [25] "ARRESTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <\input| >> \; > (I don't know why we get the above error message) This is already fairly convenient - it gives a convenient way to exchange data. <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 1 \ \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 \ 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 4 \ \ 5.8 \ \ VC \ 0.5 5 \ \ 6.4 \ \ VC \ 0.5 6 \ 10.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 7 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 8 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 9 \ \ 5.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 10 \ 7.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 11 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 12 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 13 15.2 \ \ VC \ 1.0 14 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 15 22.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 16 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 17 13.6 \ \ VC \ 1.0 18 14.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 19 18.8 \ \ VC \ 1.0 20 15.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 21 23.6 \ \ VC \ 2.0 22 18.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 23 33.9 \ \ VC \ 2.0 24 25.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 25 26.4 \ \ VC \ 2.0 26 32.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 27 26.7 \ \ VC \ 2.0 28 21.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 29 23.3 \ \ VC \ 2.0 30 29.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 31 15.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 32 21.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 33 17.6 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 34 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 35 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 36 10.0 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 37 \ 8.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 38 \ 9.4 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 39 16.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 40 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 41 19.7 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 42 23.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 43 23.6 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 44 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 45 20.0 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 46 25.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 47 25.8 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 48 21.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 49 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 50 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 51 25.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 52 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 53 22.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 54 24.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 55 24.8 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 56 30.9 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 57 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 58 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 59 29.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 60 23.0 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 <\input| >> \; <\input| >> \; > One of the strength of interfacing with a database is that we can not just read a table, but format the data as a new table. For example: <\input| >> a=dbGetQuery(con,"SELECT * from hamster") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ ROW_NAMES \ LEN SUPP DOSE 0 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 2 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3 \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 4 \ 5.8 \ \ VC \ 0.5 4 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 5 \ 6.4 \ \ VC \ 0.5 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 6 10.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 6 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 7 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 7 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 8 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 8 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 9 \ 5.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 9 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 10 \ 7.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 10 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 11 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 11 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 12 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 12 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 13 15.2 \ \ VC \ 1.0 13 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 14 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 14 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 15 22.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 15 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 16 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 16 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 17 13.6 \ \ VC \ 1.0 17 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 18 14.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 18 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 19 18.8 \ \ VC \ 1.0 19 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 20 15.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 20 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 21 23.6 \ \ VC \ 2.0 21 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 22 18.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 22 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 23 33.9 \ \ VC \ 2.0 23 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 24 25.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 24 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 25 26.4 \ \ VC \ 2.0 25 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 26 32.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 26 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 27 26.7 \ \ VC \ 2.0 27 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 28 21.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 28 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 29 23.3 \ \ VC \ 2.0 29 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 30 29.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 30 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 31 15.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 31 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 32 21.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 32 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 33 17.6 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 33 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 34 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 34 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 35 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 35 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 36 10.0 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 36 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 37 \ 8.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 37 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 38 \ 9.4 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 38 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 39 16.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 39 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 40 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 40 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 41 19.7 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 41 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 42 23.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 42 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 43 23.6 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 43 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 44 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 44 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 45 20.0 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 45 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 46 25.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 46 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 47 25.8 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 47 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 48 21.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 48 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 49 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 49 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 50 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 50 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 51 25.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 51 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 52 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 52 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 53 22.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 53 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 54 24.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 54 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 55 24.8 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 55 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 56 30.9 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 56 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 57 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 57 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 58 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 58 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 59 29.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 59 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 60 23.0 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 <\input| >> dbGetQuery(con,"select len,supp from hamster") <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP 0 \ \ 4.2 \ \ VC 1 \ 11.5 \ \ VC 2 \ \ 7.3 \ \ VC 3 \ \ 5.8 \ \ VC 4 \ \ 6.4 \ \ VC 5 \ 10.0 \ \ VC 6 \ 11.2 \ \ VC 7 \ 11.2 \ \ VC 8 \ \ 5.2 \ \ VC 9 \ \ 7.0 \ \ VC 10 16.5 \ \ VC 11 16.5 \ \ VC 12 15.2 \ \ VC 13 17.3 \ \ VC 14 22.5 \ \ VC 15 17.3 \ \ VC 16 13.6 \ \ VC 17 14.5 \ \ VC 18 18.8 \ \ VC 19 15.5 \ \ VC 20 23.6 \ \ VC 21 18.5 \ \ VC 22 33.9 \ \ VC 23 25.5 \ \ VC 24 26.4 \ \ VC 25 32.5 \ \ VC 26 26.7 \ \ VC 27 21.5 \ \ VC 28 23.3 \ \ VC 29 29.5 \ \ VC 30 15.2 \ \ OJ 31 21.5 \ \ OJ 32 17.6 \ \ OJ 33 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ 34 14.5 \ \ OJ 35 10.0 \ \ OJ 36 \ 8.2 \ \ OJ 37 \ 9.4 \ \ OJ 38 16.5 \ \ OJ 39 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ 40 19.7 \ \ OJ 41 23.3 \ \ OJ 42 23.6 \ \ OJ 43 26.4 \ \ OJ 44 20.0 \ \ OJ 45 25.2 \ \ OJ 46 25.8 \ \ OJ 47 21.2 \ \ OJ 48 14.5 \ \ OJ 49 27.3 \ \ OJ 50 25.5 \ \ OJ 51 26.4 \ \ OJ 52 22.4 \ \ OJ 53 24.5 \ \ OJ 54 24.8 \ \ OJ 55 30.9 \ \ OJ 56 26.4 \ \ OJ 57 27.3 \ \ OJ 58 29.4 \ \ OJ 59 23.0 \ \ OJ <\input| >> dbGetQuery(con,"select len,supp,dose from hamster where dose \ 1.0") <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 0 \ 23.6 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 1 \ 18.5 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 2 \ 33.9 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 3 \ 25.5 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 4 \ 26.4 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 5 \ 32.5 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 6 \ 26.7 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 7 \ 21.5 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 8 \ 23.3 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 9 \ 29.5 \ \ VC \ \ \ 2 10 25.5 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 11 26.4 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 12 22.4 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 13 24.5 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 14 24.8 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 15 30.9 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 16 26.4 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 17 27.3 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 18 29.4 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 19 23.0 \ \ OJ \ \ \ 2 <\input| >> \; > or, something more complicated: <\input| >> a=dbGetQuery(con,"select len from hamster") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN 0 \ \ 4.2 1 \ 11.5 2 \ \ 7.3 3 \ \ 5.8 4 \ \ 6.4 5 \ 10.0 6 \ 11.2 7 \ 11.2 8 \ \ 5.2 9 \ \ 7.0 10 16.5 11 16.5 12 15.2 13 17.3 14 22.5 15 17.3 16 13.6 17 14.5 18 18.8 19 15.5 20 23.6 21 18.5 22 33.9 23 25.5 24 26.4 25 32.5 26 26.7 27 21.5 28 23.3 29 29.5 30 15.2 31 21.5 32 17.6 33 \ 9.7 34 14.5 35 10.0 36 \ 8.2 37 \ 9.4 38 16.5 39 \ 9.7 40 19.7 41 23.3 42 23.6 43 26.4 44 20.0 45 25.2 46 25.8 47 21.2 48 14.5 49 27.3 50 25.5 51 26.4 52 22.4 53 24.5 54 24.8 55 30.9 56 26.4 57 27.3 58 29.4 59 23.0 <\input| >> b=data.frame(1:60,len=a$LEN,lensq=a$LEN^2); b=b[sample(1:60),] <\input| >> b <\output> \ \ \ X1.60 \ len \ \ lensq 34 \ \ \ 34 \ 9.7 \ \ 94.09 53 \ \ \ 53 22.4 \ 501.76 30 \ \ \ 30 29.5 \ 870.25 32 \ \ \ 32 21.5 \ 462.25 10 \ \ \ 10 \ 7.0 \ \ 49.00 33 \ \ \ 33 17.6 \ 309.76 39 \ \ \ 39 16.5 \ 272.25 59 \ \ \ 59 29.4 \ 864.36 42 \ \ \ 42 23.3 \ 542.89 57 \ \ \ 57 26.4 \ 696.96 20 \ \ \ 20 15.5 \ 240.25 58 \ \ \ 58 27.3 \ 745.29 2 \ \ \ \ \ 2 11.5 \ 132.25 13 \ \ \ 13 15.2 \ 231.04 36 \ \ \ 36 10.0 \ 100.00 29 \ \ \ 29 23.3 \ 542.89 60 \ \ \ 60 23.0 \ 529.00 37 \ \ \ 37 \ 8.2 \ \ 67.24 52 \ \ \ 52 26.4 \ 696.96 5 \ \ \ \ \ 5 \ 6.4 \ \ 40.96 49 \ \ \ 49 14.5 \ 210.25 11 \ \ \ 11 16.5 \ 272.25 51 \ \ \ 51 25.5 \ 650.25 22 \ \ \ 22 18.5 \ 342.25 55 \ \ \ 55 24.8 \ 615.04 6 \ \ \ \ \ 6 10.0 \ 100.00 38 \ \ \ 38 \ 9.4 \ \ 88.36 17 \ \ \ 17 13.6 \ 184.96 12 \ \ \ 12 16.5 \ 272.25 18 \ \ \ 18 14.5 \ 210.25 19 \ \ \ 19 18.8 \ 353.44 27 \ \ \ 27 26.7 \ 712.89 14 \ \ \ 14 17.3 \ 299.29 31 \ \ \ 31 15.2 \ 231.04 56 \ \ \ 56 30.9 \ 954.81 24 \ \ \ 24 25.5 \ 650.25 50 \ \ \ 50 27.3 \ 745.29 54 \ \ \ 54 24.5 \ 600.25 1 \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ 4.2 \ \ 17.64 35 \ \ \ 35 14.5 \ 210.25 3 \ \ \ \ \ 3 \ 7.3 \ \ 53.29 7 \ \ \ \ \ 7 11.2 \ 125.44 41 \ \ \ 41 19.7 \ 388.09 44 \ \ \ 44 26.4 \ 696.96 47 \ \ \ 47 25.8 \ 665.64 40 \ \ \ 40 \ 9.7 \ \ 94.09 4 \ \ \ \ \ 4 \ 5.8 \ \ 33.64 26 \ \ \ 26 32.5 1056.25 45 \ \ \ 45 20.0 \ 400.00 21 \ \ \ 21 23.6 \ 556.96 28 \ \ \ 28 21.5 \ 462.25 8 \ \ \ \ \ 8 11.2 \ 125.44 16 \ \ \ 16 17.3 \ 299.29 9 \ \ \ \ \ 9 \ 5.2 \ \ 27.04 23 \ \ \ 23 33.9 1149.21 46 \ \ \ 46 25.2 \ 635.04 25 \ \ \ 25 26.4 \ 696.96 43 \ \ \ 43 23.6 \ 556.96 48 \ \ \ 48 21.2 \ 449.44 15 \ \ \ 15 22.5 \ 506.25 <\input| >> dbWriteTable(con,"hamsq",b) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> dbGetQuery(con,"select a.dose,b.lensq,a.len,b.len from hamster a, hamsq b where a.len=b.len") <\output> \ \ \ \ DOSE \ \ LENSQ \ LEN \ LEN 0 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 17.64 \ 4.2 \ 4.2 1 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 27.04 \ 5.2 \ 5.2 2 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 33.64 \ 5.8 \ 5.8 3 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 40.96 \ 6.4 \ 6.4 4 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 49.00 \ 7.0 \ 7.0 5 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 53.29 \ 7.3 \ 7.3 6 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 67.24 \ 8.2 \ 8.2 7 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 88.36 \ 9.4 \ 9.4 8 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 94.09 \ 9.7 \ 9.7 9 \ \ \ 0.5 \ \ 94.09 \ 9.7 \ 9.7 10 \ \ 0.5 \ \ 94.09 \ 9.7 \ 9.7 11 \ \ 0.5 \ \ 94.09 \ 9.7 \ 9.7 12 \ \ 0.5 \ 100.00 10.0 10.0 13 \ \ 0.5 \ 100.00 10.0 10.0 14 \ \ 0.5 \ 100.00 10.0 10.0 15 \ \ 0.5 \ 100.00 10.0 10.0 16 \ \ 0.5 \ 125.44 11.2 11.2 17 \ \ 0.5 \ 125.44 11.2 11.2 18 \ \ 0.5 \ 125.44 11.2 11.2 19 \ \ 0.5 \ 125.44 11.2 11.2 20 \ \ 0.5 \ 132.25 11.5 11.5 21 \ \ 1.0 \ 184.96 13.6 13.6 22 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 23 \ \ 0.5 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 24 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 25 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 26 \ \ 0.5 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 27 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 28 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 29 \ \ 0.5 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 30 \ \ 1.0 \ 210.25 14.5 14.5 31 \ \ 1.0 \ 231.04 15.2 15.2 32 \ \ 0.5 \ 231.04 15.2 15.2 33 \ \ 1.0 \ 231.04 15.2 15.2 34 \ \ 0.5 \ 231.04 15.2 15.2 35 \ \ 1.0 \ 240.25 15.5 15.5 36 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 37 \ \ 0.5 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 38 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 39 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 40 \ \ 0.5 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 41 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 42 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 43 \ \ 0.5 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 44 \ \ 1.0 \ 272.25 16.5 16.5 45 \ \ 1.0 \ 299.29 17.3 17.3 46 \ \ 1.0 \ 299.29 17.3 17.3 47 \ \ 1.0 \ 299.29 17.3 17.3 48 \ \ 1.0 \ 299.29 17.3 17.3 49 \ \ 0.5 \ 309.76 17.6 17.6 50 \ \ 2.0 \ 342.25 18.5 18.5 51 \ \ 1.0 \ 353.44 18.8 18.8 52 \ \ 1.0 \ 388.09 19.7 19.7 53 \ \ 1.0 \ 400.00 20.0 20.0 54 \ \ 1.0 \ 449.44 21.2 21.2 55 \ \ 2.0 \ 462.25 21.5 21.5 56 \ \ 0.5 \ 462.25 21.5 21.5 57 \ \ 2.0 \ 462.25 21.5 21.5 58 \ \ 0.5 \ 462.25 21.5 21.5 59 \ \ 2.0 \ 501.76 22.4 22.4 60 \ \ 1.0 \ 506.25 22.5 22.5 61 \ \ 2.0 \ 529.00 23.0 23.0 62 \ \ 2.0 \ 542.89 23.3 23.3 63 \ \ 1.0 \ 542.89 23.3 23.3 64 \ \ 2.0 \ 542.89 23.3 23.3 65 \ \ 1.0 \ 542.89 23.3 23.3 66 \ \ 2.0 \ 556.96 23.6 23.6 67 \ \ 1.0 \ 556.96 23.6 23.6 68 \ \ 2.0 \ 556.96 23.6 23.6 69 \ \ 1.0 \ 556.96 23.6 23.6 70 \ \ 2.0 \ 600.25 24.5 24.5 71 \ \ 2.0 \ 615.04 24.8 24.8 72 \ \ 1.0 \ 635.04 25.2 25.2 73 \ \ 2.0 \ 650.25 25.5 25.5 74 \ \ 2.0 \ 650.25 25.5 25.5 75 \ \ 2.0 \ 650.25 25.5 25.5 76 \ \ 2.0 \ 650.25 25.5 25.5 77 \ \ 1.0 \ 665.64 25.8 25.8 78 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 79 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 80 \ \ 1.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 81 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 82 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 83 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 84 \ \ 1.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 85 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 86 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 87 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 88 \ \ 1.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 89 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 90 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 91 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 92 \ \ 1.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 93 \ \ 2.0 \ 696.96 26.4 26.4 94 \ \ 2.0 \ 712.89 26.7 26.7 95 \ \ 1.0 \ 745.29 27.3 27.3 96 \ \ 2.0 \ 745.29 27.3 27.3 97 \ \ 1.0 \ 745.29 27.3 27.3 98 \ \ 2.0 \ 745.29 27.3 27.3 99 \ \ 2.0 \ 864.36 29.4 29.4 100 \ 2.0 \ 870.25 29.5 29.5 101 \ 2.0 \ 954.81 30.9 30.9 102 \ 2.0 1056.25 32.5 32.5 103 \ 2.0 1149.21 33.9 33.9 <\input| >> dbRemoveTable(con,"hamsq") <\output> Error in oraFetch(rs, n = -1) : RS-DBI driver: (ORA-24374: define not done before fetch or execute and fetch ) Error in oraCloseConnection(conn, ...) : pending result sets in the Oracle server -- must close manually [1] FALSE <\input| >> ?dbWriteTable <\output> help() for dbWriteTable \ is shown in browser mozilla ... Use \ \ \ \ \ help( dbWriteTable , htmlhelp=FALSE) or \ \ \ \ \ \ options(htmlhelp = FALSE) to revert. Warning message:\ Using non-linked HTML file: style sheet and hyperlinks may be incorrect in: help("dbWriteTable")\ <\input| >> \; > dbWriteTable has a flag: append, which allows us to add data to a table <\input| >> a=dbReadTable(con,"hamster") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 1 \ \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 \ 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 4 \ \ 5.8 \ \ VC \ 0.5 5 \ \ 6.4 \ \ VC \ 0.5 6 \ 10.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 7 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 8 \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 9 \ \ 5.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 10 \ 7.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 11 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 12 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 13 15.2 \ \ VC \ 1.0 14 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 15 22.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 16 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 17 13.6 \ \ VC \ 1.0 18 14.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 19 18.8 \ \ VC \ 1.0 20 15.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 21 23.6 \ \ VC \ 2.0 22 18.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 23 33.9 \ \ VC \ 2.0 24 25.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 25 26.4 \ \ VC \ 2.0 26 32.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 27 26.7 \ \ VC \ 2.0 28 21.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 29 23.3 \ \ VC \ 2.0 30 29.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 31 15.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 32 21.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 33 17.6 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 34 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 35 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 36 10.0 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 37 \ 8.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 38 \ 9.4 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 39 16.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 40 \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 41 19.7 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 42 23.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 43 23.6 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 44 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 45 20.0 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 46 25.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 47 25.8 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 48 21.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 49 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 50 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 51 25.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 52 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 53 22.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 54 24.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 55 24.8 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 56 30.9 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 57 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 58 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 59 29.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 60 23.0 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 <\input| >> a2=a[1:3,] <\input| >> a2 <\output> \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 1 \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 <\input| >> rownames(a2)=100:102 <\input| >> a2 <\output> \ \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 100 \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 101 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 102 \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 <\input| >> dbWriteTable(con,"hamster",a2,append=T) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> a=dbReadTable(con,"hamster") <\input| >> a <\output> \ \ \ \ \ LEN SUPP DOSE 1 \ \ \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 2 \ \ 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 3 \ \ \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 4 \ \ \ 5.8 \ \ VC \ 0.5 5 \ \ \ 6.4 \ \ VC \ 0.5 6 \ \ 10.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 7 \ \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 8 \ \ 11.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 9 \ \ \ 5.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 10 \ \ 7.0 \ \ VC \ 0.5 11 \ 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 12 \ 16.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 13 \ 15.2 \ \ VC \ 1.0 14 \ 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 15 \ 22.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 16 \ 17.3 \ \ VC \ 1.0 17 \ 13.6 \ \ VC \ 1.0 18 \ 14.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 19 \ 18.8 \ \ VC \ 1.0 20 \ 15.5 \ \ VC \ 1.0 21 \ 23.6 \ \ VC \ 2.0 22 \ 18.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 23 \ 33.9 \ \ VC \ 2.0 24 \ 25.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 25 \ 26.4 \ \ VC \ 2.0 26 \ 32.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 27 \ 26.7 \ \ VC \ 2.0 28 \ 21.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 29 \ 23.3 \ \ VC \ 2.0 30 \ 29.5 \ \ VC \ 2.0 31 \ 15.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 32 \ 21.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 33 \ 17.6 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 34 \ \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 35 \ 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 36 \ 10.0 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 37 \ \ 8.2 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 38 \ \ 9.4 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 39 \ 16.5 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 40 \ \ 9.7 \ \ OJ \ 0.5 41 \ 19.7 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 42 \ 23.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 43 \ 23.6 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 44 \ 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 45 \ 20.0 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 46 \ 25.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 47 \ 25.8 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 48 \ 21.2 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 49 \ 14.5 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 50 \ 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 1.0 51 \ 25.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 52 \ 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 53 \ 22.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 54 \ 24.5 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 55 \ 24.8 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 56 \ 30.9 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 57 \ 26.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 58 \ 27.3 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 59 \ 29.4 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 60 \ 23.0 \ \ OJ \ 2.0 100 \ 4.2 \ \ VC \ 0.5 101 11.5 \ \ VC \ 0.5 102 \ 7.3 \ \ VC \ 0.5 <\input| >> \; > If the database is very big, we might not want to load it all at once into memory. We might want to compute things slowly over it. <\input| >> x=rnorm(10000);y=1:10000 <\input| >> a=data.frame(x=x,y=y) <\input| >> dbWriteTable(con,"bigtab",a) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> \; > Now assume we want to calculate the sum of all x: <\input| >> quer=dbSendQuery(con,"select X from bigtab") <\input| >> sumx=0 <\input| >> while(!dbHasCompleted(quer) ) {\ \ \ dat=fetch(quer,n=1) \ \ if( !dbHasCompleted(quer) ){ \ \ sumx = sumx+dat$X[1] \ } } <\input|>> dbClearResult(quer) <\output> \ [1] TRUE <\input| >> sumx <\output> [1] -50.16107 > You see that going over a table line by line is slow. We can do in in batches of 100: <\input| >> quer=dbSendQuery(con,"select X from bigtab") <\input| >> sumx=0 <\input| >> while(!dbHasCompleted(quer) ) {\ \ \ dat=fetch(quer,n=100) \ \ if( !dbHasCompleted(quer) ){ \ \ sumx = sumx+sum(dat$X) \ } } <\input|>> dbClearResult(quer) <\input| >> sumx <\output> [1] -50.16107 <\input| >> @@@ <\output> [1] -50.16107 <\input| >> \; > The command is very important. Without it, we can not submit another query. Let us see what can go wrong: <\input| >> quer=dbSendQuery(con,"select X from bigtab") <\input| >> quer=3 <\input| >> quer=dbSendQuery(con,"select X from bigtab") <\output> Error in oraPrepareStatement(con, statement, bind = NULL) :\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ RS-DBI driver: (cannot allocate a new resultSet -- maximum of 1 resultSets already reached) Error in oraExecDirect(conn, statement, ...) :\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ could not exec direct statement select X from bigtab <\input| >> \; > So, we would like to submit another query, but we can not, and we don't have quer any more to call dbClearresult with it. There is the following convenient command: <\input| >> dbListResults(con) <\output> [[1]] \OraResult:(24319,1,25)\\ <\input| >> quer=dbListResults(con)[[1]] <\input| >> dbClearResult(quer) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> quer=dbSendQuery(con,"select X from bigtab") <\input| >> \; > Now all went well. <\input| >> dbClearResult(quer) <\output> [1] TRUE <\input| >> dbListTables(con) <\output> \ [1] "DUAL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ "TABLE_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ \ [4] "STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP" "OL$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "OL$HINTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [7] "OL$NODES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "MAP_OBJECT" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "AUDIT_ACTIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [10] "PSTUBTBL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_SECOBJ$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_WARNINGS$" \ \ \ \ \ \ [13] "DEF$_TEMP$LOB" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "R_TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "COUNTRIES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [16] "DEPARTMENTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "EMPLOYEES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "JOBS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [19] "JOB_HISTORY" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "LOCATIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "REGIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [22] "TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A2_C3B" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A_C1A" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [25] "ARRESTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "HAMSTER" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "BIGTAB" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <\input| >> dbRemoveTable(con,"hamster") <\output> Error in oraFetch(rs, n = -1) : RS-DBI driver: (ORA-24374: define not done before fetch or execute and fetch ) [1] FALSE <\input| >> dbRemoveTable(con,"bigtab") <\output> Error in oraFetch(rs, n = -1) : RS-DBI driver: (ORA-24374: define not done before fetch or execute and fetch ) Error in oraCloseConnection(conn, ...) : pending result sets in the Oracle server -- must close manually [1] FALSE <\input| >> dbListTables(con) <\output> \ [1] "DUAL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ "TABLE_PRIVILEGE_MAP" \ \ [4] "STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP" "OL$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "OL$HINTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [7] "OL$NODES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "MAP_OBJECT" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "AUDIT_ACTIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [10] "PSTUBTBL" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_SECOBJ$" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "ODCI_WARNINGS$" \ \ \ \ \ \ [13] "DEF$_TEMP$LOB" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "R_TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "COUNTRIES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [16] "DEPARTMENTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "EMPLOYEES" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "JOBS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [19] "JOB_HISTORY" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "LOCATIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "REGIONS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [22] "TEST" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A2_C3B" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ "A_C1A" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ [25] "ARRESTS" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ <\input| >> \; > \; <\initial> <\collection> <\references> <\collection> |?>> |?>> |?>> |?>> |?>> |?>> |?>> |?>> <\auxiliary> <\collection> <\associate|toc> |Permutation tests> Lecture 8 - access to databases